William Atherton, Actor: Die Hard. William Atherton Knight was born on July 30, 1947 in Orange, Connecticut, the son of Robert Knight and Roby Raymond. The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternative history web television series produced by Amazon Studios, Scott Free, Headline Pictures, Electric. A Knight of the Seven Kingdoms by George R R Martin A century before A GAME OF THRONES, two unlikely heroes wandered Westeros. Oriental Antique boxes . It was first used in China both to protect and. There are references to Emperor Shun (2. BC). the last of the five sages advocating its use to his people. It. is impossible to determine the precise date of its first. The tree, which yields the best lacquer, is the Rhus. Vernicifera, which is indigenous to China. At first the trees. The trees yield the best sap when they are a few years old. It also oozes more freely. The trees are mostly found on high. In earlier times, before the plains were. Rhus trees were also grown on lower.
A Chinese export lacquer tea caddy in reddish earth colored lacquer having rounded corners decorated with two colors of gold depicting groups of birds highlighted in red lacquer. Circa 1. 84. 0 The sap is gathered by incising the trees horizontally and. When the sap first comes out. StudyGuide provides up-to-date resources for MLA format with examples, advice & tips for academic students. When it is. exposed to light and air it thickens and darkens. The preparation of the sap is a long and laborious process. At. first it is strained to remove the impurities such as fragments. Throughout the. “cooking” process it is stirred and skimmed so it. Finally it is filtered. Once the sap has been turned to lacquer it is. Inferior lacquer can be extracted from the smaller branches of. The lacquer is cleared of impurities and it. APPLYING Once the lacquer was prepared an even more painstaking and time. The main quality of lacquer is that it provides a hard. However for the lacquer to. The chemical process, which combines the. The. temperature must be between 2. Centigrade and the. Oxygen is necessary for the process to be successful and. Added to. this, a humid atmosphere ensures that the lacquer dries evenly. Wooden small chambers for drying. Vapour baths. were also another technique for increasing humidity. The base of objects, in our case boxes, to be coated was. The pieces of wood had to be. This is because the resin. Once the base was made it was primed in inferior lacquer. On. some boxes a thin muslin type cloth was also used to cover the. This was held in place with vegetable glue or lacquer. Looking at cross sections of. The main purpose however was always the. The wood sap was thus. When the box was primed it was smoothed down with ground stone. At this. stage the required pigment was added to the lacquer. The lacquer. was then applied in very thin coats and allowed to dry for three. It. was then rubbed smooth with clay or charcoal dust. Several layers. were built up until a completely smooth and even surface was. The final coats were rubbed with deer horn ash, which. Again looking at cross sections of damaged boxes it is obvious. The color of the undercoats is sometimes whitish, sometimes brown. This must be because the undercoating. All. these techniques were traditionally used for thousands of years. It could take up to thirty coats of applied lacquer, starting. It would then move on to the “artist”. DECORATION Lacquer has always been revered in China as one of the great. Prized throughout the centuries above gold, it. Perceived as such a special reflection of the country’s. This art took many. Archaeological evidence points to lacquer first used as a. BC as an in- fill. Carved objects made out of multi layered built lacquer have. Chinese Export Lacquer with ivory Chess, Drafts, and Backgammon pieces Shallower carving on its own or in conjunction with other. Gold leaf, gold lines, painting in colors or gold were used. BC and continued to be used until the. Commercial versions are still employed. PAINTING ON LACQUER BOXES made for. EXPORT The boxes we are concerned with which were made in the late 1. Painting on flat surface lacquer was found on objects, which. Han Dynasty (2. 06. BC- 2. 21. AD). Although gold was used. Different ways of employing gold leaf or lines were used in. However the origins. AD. The art of lacquer was introduced. Japan by Chinese craftsmen, who also introduced the art of. Fitted Chinese Export Lacquer Sewing Box decorated with Tea Cultivation Scenes, circa 1. This particular box is painted exceptionally well. The Japanese were most impressed by lacquer as an art medium. When more gold reserves. Japan the Japanese artists perfected the craft of. Craftsmen from both countries were sent back and forth to. A renowned Chinese lacquerer, Yang Xuan is. Japan to learn the new gold techniques from. Japanese early in the fifteenth century AD. He not only learned. During the four centuries following this visit there was a lot. The sprinkled gold and other metal dust technique. Japanese work, is also found to a much. Chinese objects. Although the decorative styles. Finally there are the oriental symbols and motifs which are. Greek key designs etc. It is not always. China with. its history of early cosmopolitan trading was usually the first. Chinese artists absorbed and translated designs from different. These imported. influences were added to the art which had its roots deep in. Chinese culture to create the spectacularly beautiful export. East truly met the West. EXPORT LACQUER BOXES late 1. Century. to 1. 82. By the end of the eighteenth century the East India Company had. Chinese soil. Near the warehouses of this Company and other. European and American company headquarters a small trading. These are of very high quality and often bear. Such a box included in the 1. Clive collection at Powis Castle combines. The overall design is that. The early boxes have several features, which betray their. European destination. They were made to be used for the needs of. Europeans or Americans. They were mostly card boxes, sewing. They were of the type, which in other. The decoration was of floral designs, borders of linear. There is a definite influence. England at. the end of the eighteenth century. These originated from the fad. Vines, ivy and other stylised flora were the order of the day. A few boxes had flat painted decoration in other. This was done by mixing different pigments with oil or. Sometimes the stylized raised lacquer was juxtaposed. Zig zag designs with alternative bands of decoration sometimes. More than one color of. Some early lacquer boxes have an overall effect of very. Such boxes must have been decorated by very experienced. They represent months of immaculate work. Other early boxes look as if they were painted with the. The shapes of the early boxes are restrained. They are mostly. rectangular with flat tops and flat sides. The interior contents. GAME boxes contained smaller boxes for playing cards and. Some also contained trays which were stacked on. In the earliest examples the. SEWING boxes had a top compartment with a lift out tray, which. The tools were in shapes similar to. English counterparts. There was a drawer, which pulled out. Sometimes there were small china dishes. TEA CADDIES contained pewter canisters with a double lid. CENTURY EXPORT LACQUER BOXESThe type of boxes made in the nineteenth century is on the whole. There are however significant stylistic differences. On boxes made during the. Chinese export boxes were first made for foreigners who. As in other forms of. The. craftsmanship of the Chinese was admired, but the European eye. Oriental art to accept it without a. Thus the 1. 8th century boxes have. Pompeii and vines. Greece. These were combined with. However as the foreigners became more familiar with Chinese. Whereas at first they were trying to tell. Chinese what they wanted them to know and make, by the. Chinese knew and made. The vignettes within the elaborate borders began to have. Chinese courtly scenes. These were mostly of. Such figurative. paintings were already part of the long tradition of Chinese. Another type of early 1. These creatures were stylized and glamorized. By the 1. 82. 0s the inter- trading was very robust and although. Chinese areas, a. Co Hong merchants. These merchants who were the. These together with the visits to the botanical. The Chinese. people too, floating in their rich silk robes must have looked. In short this was an exotic world, which. The artwork on the boxes began to depict more and more scenes. Chinese life. Gardens, water, pavilions peopled with ladies. In a way the boxes became. The borders too. gradually changed from tendrils of flora to more oriental motifs. The more complex scenes, especially the ones with freer. The designs on these are not. As the century progressed and demand increased many boxes were. The scenes and filled in. The decoration was. This. was still time consuming and needed dedication, but it did not of.
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